


The PREPARATION of 
MISSIONARIES APPOINTED 
TO JAPAN 


BOARD OF MISSIONARY PREPARATION 
25 Madison Avenue, New York 


PRICE 10 CENTS 





BOARD OF MISSIONARY PREPARATION 


The Rev. James L. Barton, D.D. 
Prof. Harlan P. Beach, D.D. 
David Bovaird, Jr., M.D. 

Prof. O. E. Brown, D.D. 

Prof. Ernest DeWitt Burton, D.D. 
Miss Helen B. Calder 

Prof. Edward W. Capen, Ph.D. 
Prof. W. O. Carver, D.D. 


The Rev. Wm. I. Chamberlain, Ph.D. 


The Rev. George Drach 

The Rev. James Endicott, D.D. 

The Rev. F. P. Haggard, D.D. 

Pres. Henry C. King, D.D. 

Prof. Walter L. Lingle, D.D. 

The Rt. Rev. Arthur S. Lloyd, D.D. 
The Rev. R. P. Mackay, D.D. 

Pres. W. Douglas Mackenzie, D.D. 


John R. Mott, LL.D. 

Bishop W. F. Oldham, D.D. 
Principal T. R. O’Meara, D.D. 
Pres. C. T. Paul, Ph.D. 


- Prof. Henry B. Robins, Ph.D. 


Prof. G. A. Johnston Ross, M.A. 
Dean James E. Russell, LL.D. 

T. H. P. Sailer, Ph.D. 

Miss Una Saunders 

Prof. E. D. Soper, D.D. 

Robert E. Speer, D.D. 

Pres. J. Ross Stevenson, D.D. 
Fennell P. Turner 

Pres. Addie Grace Wardle, Ph.D. 
The Rev. Charles R. Watson, D.D. 


Pres. Wilbert W. White, Ph.D. 


Pres. Mary E. Woolley, Litt.D. 


W. DOUGLAS MACKENZIE, Chairman 
FENNELL P. TURNER, Secretary 
WILLIAM I. CHAMBERLAIN, Treasurer 


REV. FRANK K. SANDERS, Ph.D., Director 
25 Madison Avenue, New York 


THE PREPARATION OF MISSIONARIES 
APPOINTED TO JAPAN 


THE REPORT OF A COMMITTEE APPOINTED BY 
THE BOARD OF MISSIONARY PREPARATION 


Proressor Epwarp WARREN CAPEN, Ph.D:, Chairman 
PRESIDENT HENRY CHURCHILL Kine, D.D. 
RevEREND R. P. Mackay, D.D. 

PRESIDENT E. Y. Mutiins, D.D. 

Mr. GALen M. FISHER 

REVEREND SIDNEY L. Gurick, Ph.D. 

Miss A. C. MAcbonaALp 

REVEREND A, PIETERS 

REVEREND W. W. Pinson, D.D. 

ProFessor EpMuND D. Soper, D.D. 
Reverend S. H. Wainwricut, D.D. 


PRESENTED AT THE FOURTH ANNUAL MEETING 
IN NEW YORK, DECEMBER, 1914 


Board of Missionary Preparation 
25 Madison Ave., New York City ) 















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REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON THE SPECIAL 
PREPARATION NEEDED FOR MISSION- 
ARIES APPOINTED TO JAPAN 


The first draft of this report was written by the chairman, 
upon the basis of the findings of the conferences held in 
Japan by Dr. John R. Mott in April, 1913; upon the returns 
from Japan which were before Commission V of the Edin- 
burgh Missionary Conference when it studied the question 
of the preparation of missionaries; and upon other data in 
the possession of the members of the committee. This draft 
was sent to the active and to one of the corresponding mem- 
bers of the committee and their suggestions were embodied 
in a revised draft which was put into print and submitted to 
the Board of Missionary Preparation at its annual meeting, 
Dec. 2, 1914, and also to the Foreign Missions Conference 
in session at Garden City, Jan. 13, 14, 1915. Note was 
made of the points brought out in the open discussion at 
these places. Copies of the report were also sent to all the 
corresponding members of the committee, to secretaries of 
mission Boards having work in Japan, and to a considerable 
number of persons, Japanese, missionaries, and others 
familiar with conditions in Japan, whose frank criticisms 
were requested. Many of them responded. The report was 
then revised by the chairman, submitted to the active mem- 
bers of the committee for further criticisms, and placed in 
the hands of the Director of the Board of Missionary Prep- 
paration for final editing under the direction of the Execu- 
tive Committee. 

This statement will make clear the process by which the 
report has come into its present form and indicate the degree 


3 


PREPARATION FOR JAPAN 


of authority attaching thereto. The committee and the 
Board alike have been earnestly desirous of preparing a re- 
port which would embody the best judgment of those who 
may be regarded as specialists in matters pertaining to the 
Japan of to-day- 

The report will discuss the general characteristics needed 
by missionaries to Japan and try to specify the lines of mis- 
sionary work which call most loudly to-day for strengthening. 
It will aim to suggest to candidates the lines of preparation 
which will contribute most to their efficiency, and to indicate 
the lines of investigation or of study which missionaries, 
either while pursuing their missionary labors or when on fur- 
lough, may pursue with profit. 

The report presupposes familiarity with the reports of the 
Board of Missionary Preparation for 1913 and 1914. The 
former discussed the general qualifications of missionaries 
and the scope of the preparation needed. The latter con- 
tained a series of reports upon the preparation needed by the 
different classes of missionaries, evangelistic, educational, 
medical, etc. Especially should women candidates be familiar 
with the recommendations of the report on the Preparation 
of Women Missionaries contained in the volume for 1914. 
Except as otherwise noted in that report and below, the 
preparation of women missionaries along intellectual and 
spiritual lines would be the same as for men. This report 
takes for granted these statements of general principles and 
seeks to reach their specific application to Japan. 

This report confines itself to Japan proper, exclusive of 
Chosen (Korea) and Taiwan (Formosa). 


I. CHARACTERISTICS NEEDED BY MISSIONARIES TO JAPAN 


CLIMATIC AND HEALTH CoNDITIONS. Japan proper is not 
a tropical country. Its latitude extends from that of south- 


4 


PREPARATION FOR JAPAN 


ern Georgia to that of Montreal. The winters on the north 
and west coasts and in the Hokkaido are similar to those in 
the northern parts of the United States; in the northern 
Hokkaido they are severe; elsewhere they are milder, but 
though the thermometer does not go so low as in correspond- 
ing parts of the United States, the damp chill is so penetrat- 
ing that heavy winter clothing needs to be worn. Summer 
resorts in the mountains are accessible and generally used. 
The extreme humidity of the climate, and the absence of 
vitality in the air make the climate a rather trying one to 
certain missionaries, especially to women. Those with a 
tendency to nervous troubles should not undertake mission- 
ary work in Japan, or those inclined to throat or lung trou- 
bles. Those seriously affected by the somewhat enervating 
influence of a rainy, damp climate should also hesitate to 
engage in work there. In some sections the comparatively 
frequent earth tremors are deleterious to people of nerv- 
ous temperament. Because Japan is just out of the region 
in which care has to be taken to avoid exposure to the sun, 
too great carelessness is shown by some missionaries in this 
regard, with unfortunate consequences. 


SociaL Conpitions. The missionary in Japan is under 
the jurisdiction of a government organized along western 
lines. He lives among a people reverent toward their past 
and keenly sensitive to anything which gives the impression 
that they are regarded by foreigners as inferior to the na- 
tions of the West. They have shown a capacity for pro- 
gress and leadership and expect to be allowed to exercise it. 
As is entirely natural in a people who have only within 
twenty years succeeded in throwing off extra-territoriality, 
which is a badge of inferiority, they keenly resent any as- 
sumption by a foreigner that he is their superior and should 
as such be given the chief place. 

There is much justification for this attitude. Japan has 
developed an educational system of high grade. Children 


5 


PREPARATION FOR JAPAN 


are under obligation to attend the elementary school for six 
years, and the percentage of those who fail to do so is very 
small. The pupils all learn western science. The languages 
of the west are taught in all the higher grades. English is 
begun in the fifth grade, and German and French are in- 
cluded in the Koto Gakko, or high school. 


Moreover, Japan has built up its transportation system 
and its industry until it is a real factor in the commerce of 
the world. 


Japanese social life is now passing through a period of 
stress and strain because of the appearance in that land of 
the “new woman.” Educated and refined and familiar with 
the customs of the West, she is asserting her rights and de- | 
manding the privileges accorded to her sisters in the most 
progressive countries of Europe and America. This calls 
for tactful guidance on the part of those who know both the 
dangers involved and the limitations beyond which women 
may not properly or safely go. 


In general, the social changes in Japan have been chiefly 
in the externals. It is only now that the Japanese are be- 
ginning to feel after the spiritual side of western civilization, 
without which the social customs and organization are an 
empty shell. 


In all this it stands in a class by itself among non-Chris- 
tian nations. 


JAPANESE CHURCH. Japanese Christianity has likewise 
shown a spirit of independence and an ability to stand alone 
under Japanese leadership beyond the church in almost any 
other eastern land where missionaries are at work. The 
churches planted by missionaries from the Presbyterian and 
Reformed, the Congregational, the Methodist, and the Bap- 
tist Churches are organized under their own able leaders, 
clerical and lay, and in the Church associated with the 
Church of England and the Episcopal Church of the United 


6 


PREPARATION FOR JAPAN 


States strong Japanese clergy and laymen have been de- 
veloped. 

All this means that no missionary, in Japan especially, can 
do efficient work unless the innate Anglo-Saxon sense of 
leadership and superiority has been subordinated to the 
Christian grace of service. It is the spirit expressed by John 
the Baptist, “He must increase, but I must decrease,” which 
must characterize the missionary to Japan. Infinite patience 
and tact and even, when necessary, a willingness to keep one- 
self so in the background that most of the credit for some 
achievements will go to others, are necessary qualifications 
for work in Japan. The leadership of the missionary must 
be of a spiritual type and must rest upon his knowledge and 
impartation of the great spiritual truths revealed in the 
Bible and in the history of Christianity. The great emphasis 
placed by the Japanese upon courtesy and etiquette puts one 
who is brusque and impatient of form and the refinements 
of personal intercourse at a disadvantage in that country, 
except as strength of character counts in Japan as elsewhere. 
A certain amount of social polish is helpful, even with the 
artisans and laboring classes; but one who is unselfish and 
sympathetic, and has a spirit of genuine Christian courtesy 
need have no fear. 


Japan and its people have a great charm for the successful 
worker. Japan is a land in which the resident strongly tends 
to adopt with enthusiasm the point of view of the people. 
It is a field with fascinating possibilities; but it takes a mis- 
sionary of grace of character and adaptability to indirect 
leadership to succeed. One without these characteristics 
chafes under the necessary conditions of work there, resents 
the Japanese attitude, and thus antagonizes the people and 
makes helpful co-operation with them impossible. 


RELIGIOUS CONDITIONS. The missionary needs to pre- 
pare to face the unusual religious conditions which prevail 
in Japan. 


NI 


PREPARATION FOR JAPAN 


Since the restoration, Bushido and Shintoism have been 
important factors in the life of Japan. Bushido is an ethical 
system built mainly upon Confucianism and filled with na- 
tional chivalry. State Shintoism has now been declared by 
government to be merely a matter of state ceremonial and 
of honoring national heroes, not a religion. Its lists of 
shrines and heroes is being revised to correspond with the 
new ethical ideals of the Japanese. Yet at Shinto shrines 
religious practices are allowed, high officials perform there 
what it is hard to distinguish from religious rites; and Shin- 
toists are protesting against a Christian request to the gov- 
ernment to banish from the shrines all religious ceremonies. 
But whatever is thought of this attitude of government, to 
five-sixths of the people Shintoism has not ceased to be a 
religion and some Christians regard it as By far the greatest 
foe of Christianity. 


Popular Shintoism still influences the minds and the lives 
of the masses to an even greater degree perhaps than Bud- 
dhism. Although the younger generation, especially those 
who have passed through the secondary or higher institu- 
tions of learning, are somewhat emancipated from its many 
superstitions and practices, yet the connection between 
Shinto shrines and patriotism is so close, and the official dis- 
tinction between Shinto as patriotism and Shinto as religion 
is so recent, hazy, and subtle, and at the same time. Japanese 
patriotism is so emotional and even religious, that it is hard 
to say whether or not the power of Shintoism has been great- 
ly lessened. Certain it is that one of the most vigorous 
religious bodies in Japan during the past forty years has 
been a sect of Shintoism, Tenrikyo. 


With the close of the Meiji era by the death of His Imper- 
ial Majesty Mutsuhito and the accession of His Imperial 
Majesty Yoshihito, who had mingled somewhat with the 
people, it is expected by many that much of the air of divinity 
which hedged about the throne will ere long be lost. This 


8 


PREPARATION FOR JAPAN 


will be helped by the introduction of scientific education. 
Certain it is that the prevalence of a more democratic spirit 
and the demand for party government and revision of the 
Parliamentary system portend still greater changes in a 
realm which borders upon the former religious and ethical 
ideals of the nation. 


The prevalence of western training is breaking down the 
belief in the old superstitions and religious beliefs. The edu- 
cated classes have in large numbers revolted against religion, 
except in so far as Shintoism is a religion. They have be- 
come either indifferent to religion, avowedly agnostic, or 
even frankly atheistic. Buddhism, which has played so large 
a part in the life of Japan and was the state religion in the 
feudal days, still wields a strong influence over the masses, 
especially in certain districts, but it has lost any hold it may 
have had upon a considerable section of the thinking part of 
the nation. The influence of the Buddhist priests has be- 
come in many cases demoralizing. Thus Baron Kato de- 
clared a few years ago: “The men who have the doctrines 
in charge are indeed so corrupt that they themselves have 
need of reformation. . . . They area peril to society. ... 
They stand for the salvation of the people. . . . Yet they 
actually use the people in carrying on their evil lives. . 
They are all corrupt.” (Okuma, “Fifty Years of Modern 
Japan,” II., 73). There is now a reformed Buddhism which 
is an aggressive force. It is, however, as yet quite small. 
It has adopted many of the methods and some of the tenets 
of Christianity, is developing an educational system in which 
the modern scientific view point is upheld and has even in- 
cluded the Bible among the books studied. 


There is a growing tendency by some who have themselves 
rejected religion to regard it as a tool to aid in the govern- 
ment of the people, or to promote morality among the com- 
mon people. Many officials or prominent persons write and 
speak favorably of Christianity as a useful religion, but 


9 


PREPARATION FOR JAPAN 


without any thought of following it themselves. There is 
a decided tendency among many educated leaders to give a 
larger place to religion as an essential factor in national 
development. 


Another characteristic of the religious situation in Japan 
is that many Japanese regard religion as merely a body of 
doctrine. This spirit is carried over into Christianity. This 
tendency has been encouraged by the insistence by some mis- 
sionaries upon doctrinal beliefs. Some students do not think 
of Christianity as a life to be lived, but as a system of 
thought. They will study it for years and seek to realize its 
ideals in practice, without first having them become vital in 
a change of heart. They regard themselves as Christians, 
but do not manifest the Christian spirit towards others. 
There are others who regard themselves as having “gradu- 
ated” in Christianity and who no longer have anything to 
do with it. This attitude is quite natural because of the 
lack of vitality which has for generations characterized the 
religious life of Japan. Another weakness, traceable to Con- 
fucian influence, is the tendency to look upon Christianity 
as an ethical system without the purely religious elements of 
prayer, communion, worship, and evangelism. 


With the weakening of the old religions, the consequent 
loss of belief in the old sanctions for conduct, and the intro- 
duction of the ethical problems inevitable in the industrial 
and social development along western lines, there has come 
a weakening of morals, and an outbreak of unethical con- 
duct, which is most disquieting to thoughtful observers, 
Japanese and foreign, Christian and non-Christian alike. 
And as this ethical reaction is so closely related to the philo- 
sophical and scientific beliefs of the students and educated 
classes, it presents, together with the religious situation, a 
serious challenge to all Christian forces at work in the na- 
tion. If it is to be coped with successfully, it will be by 


10 


PREPARATION FOR JAPAN 


specially trained workers who know that Christianity is 
truly a religion of redemption. 

After all due weight has been accorded to the climatic, 
social and religious conditions of Japan, it still remains true 
that the supreme characteristics needed by the missionary 
are in the realm of the spirit. The missionary must be a 
man or woman of prayer, and of an abounding love for those 
among whom he labors as a spiritual leader. Other charac- 
teristics are important; these are absolutely essential. 


4 


II. Lines or Misstonary WorkK 

There are two characteristics of missionary work in Japan 
which sharply differentiate it from most other fields and 
make it more nearly comparable to work in America. These 
are the relative lack of medical work and of primary educa- 
tion. 

MepicaL Work. The Japanese have so developed their 
own medical facilities that the missions have all but with- 
drawn from this branch of work in Japan proper. 

There are but eight hospitals and dispensaries listed as 
under Christian auspices, and one of these, St. Luke’s Hos- 
pital, Tokyo, is really an international institution, patronized 
by officials and the Emperor and serving the foreign com- 
munity. There are two leper hospitals under Protestant 
auspices and two under Roman Catholic. At the conferences 
held by Dr. Mott in Tokyo (1913) under the auspices of the 
Continuation Committee of the Edinburgh Conference, med- 
ical missions were not even discussed. Yet it should not be 
forgotten that the sanitary conditions leave much to be de- 
sired, that tuberculosis is an ever-present scourge, that the 
death rate is high from stomach and bowel diseases, and 
from brain diseases, and that the rates charged by hospitals 
“are high in proportion to wages. A few discerning mission- 
aries believe that the medical field must be reentered in part, 
if western Christianity is to make its full contribution to 
Japan. 

11 


PREPARATION FOR JAPAN 


EDUCATIONAL Work. In other mission fields the bulk of 
those under Christian instruction are enrolled in elementary 
and village schools. Thus, of the million and a half reported 
in the World Atlas of Christian Missions as in Protestant 
schools, more than a million and a quarter were in these pri- 
mary schools. In Japan, on the other hand, according to the 
same statistics, but 30 per cent. were in such schools and more 
than half were in boarding and high schools, and these fig- 
ures included Formosa, where there is more room for pri- 
mary education. The explanation of this unusual situation is 
the fact that the Japanese government provides elementary 
education for all the children of school age and makes their 
attendance for six years obligatory, unless excused. Hence 
nearly all the elementary education provided by missionaries 
in Japan proper is for special classes such as defectives, or 
those who are working in factories. The lack of sufficient 
government schools of higher grade, namely the middle 
school (Chu Gakko) and the high school (Koto Gakko) to 
accommodate all the applicants for admission, makes it pos- 
sible for the Christian forces to supplement the government 
system at this point. 


The Christian schools in Japan are practically all of mid- 
dle school grade or above, or else are kindergartens. The 
Japanese middle school (Chu Gakko) corresponds roughly 
to the American high school, although its lower classes are 
somewhat more elementary and the age of the pupils would 
be more nearly that of children in the seventh or eighth 
grades in our best schools. The Japanese have not succeeded 
pre-eminently in kindergarten work, partly, it is said, be- — 
cause they have attempted in the government kindergarten 
to cut out the religious basis; and some of the best kinder- 
garten and training schools for kindergartners are under 
mission auspices. This is in fact one of the spheres of great 
promise for Christian influence in Japan to-day. 


When the projected Christian University in Tokyo 
12 


PREPARATION FOR JAPAN 


becomes a reality and the Christian junior colleges 
are strengthened, this will greatly improve the standing of 
the Christian middle school, provided the quality of its work 
is up to the required standard. 

The missionary body and the leaders of the Japanese 
Church are at one in believing that there should be estab- 
lished several additional middle schools for boys and the cor- 
responding high schools for girls, that the six existing 
higher departments (junior colleges) should be much im- 
proved and that there should be erected a central Christian 
University and a first class Christian college for women. 
Some Japanese leaders believe that women should be ad- 
mitted to the university. There is still call for Christian kin- 
dergartens. Christian middle schools are needed, among 
other reasons, for discovering and training candidates for 
the ministry, as even Christian graduates of government 
middle schools are not sufficiently grounded in Christianity 
to be good material for the ministry. This will call for addi- 
tional educational missionaries to whose training another 
section of the report is devoted. . 

There is little call in Japan for industrial teachers, al- 
though it would be well if the manual training element could 
be introduced into the educational system. 

EVANGELISTIC Work. The greatest demand for workers 
is for evangelistic missionaries. The Japan National Con- 
ference, composed of Japanese and foreign delegates, which 
met under the lead of Dr. John R. Mott in April, 1913, made 
the following declaration: 

“A careful and most painstaking survey of the whole 
country [Japan proper], conducted by the Committee on the 
Distribution of Forces, specially appointed by the Confer- 
ence of Federated Missions, brings to our attention anew 
the vast unoccupied territory in Japan. Approximately 80 
per cent. of the total population, or above forty millions, re- 
side in rural districts, of which number, so far as our data 


13 


PREPARATION FOR JAPAN 


indicate, 96 per cent. constitute an entirely unworked field. 
Of the remaining 20 per cent. of the total population, re- 
siding in cities and towns, about one-fifth is still unprovided 
for; thus giving us the result that above 80 per cent. of the 
population of Japan are not being directly reached by the 
evangelistic forces. Even in the cities and towns which are 
occupied, a comparatively small portion of the people have 
been in any real sense evangelized.”’ 

Adequately to meet these needs requires a large increase— 
some would say four-fold—of the Japanese workers, which, 
in turn, calls for the improvement or enlargement of the 
schools for training them. It also calls for a large increase 
in the force of evangelistic missionaries. The exact number 
called for is now being investigated, but so far as results 
have been secured, the indication is that there will be needed 
in the near future approximately 475 additional evangelistic 
workers, or an increase in the missionary force of more than 
fifty per cent. Some of these should be located in cities and 
towns now inadequately occupied or not occupied at all. 
Others should be located in the smaller cities or larger towns 
with a view to devoting themselves principally to the rural 
work. It may, in fairness, be added that some doubt the 
necessity or wisdom of any such increase in the number of 
missionaries. 


SpecraL Lines oF Work: (1) Rural Workers.—The rural 
districts are as yet all but untouched by Christian forces. A 
few missions have begun special efforts to reach the farming 
class and have had most encouraging results. The leaders 
in such work should be men or women of simple tastes and 
devoted spirit, with an intellectual equipment not inferior to 
that of other missionaries, but trained to carry on various 
forms of social work and to understand the agricultural 
problems of the farmers. 

(2) Christian Social Workers.—Industrially Japan is in 
a condition similar to that of England a century ago. All the 


14 


PREPARATION FOR JAPAN 


problems incident to the development of a factory system are 
pressing for solution. The feudal system, which provided 
a place for each individual, is gone, and unmarried men and 
especially young women come to the cities to work in the fac- 
tories. Christian social workers are needed, and above all 
Christian women who can help the working girls of Japan 
away from home and subject to the perils of great cities. 
An exceptional opportunity exists for lay social workers who 
have sufficient means for equipping and maintaining settle- 
ment work. The churches are financially weak and philan- 
thropy is undeveloped. There is also need for a few workers 
in the large cities with the best equipment for temperance 
and social purity work, for educational preventive anti-tuber- 
culosis work, including popular education as to personal and 
family hygiene, and for constructive work in the rehabili- 
tation of families. Much of this work would be done in co- 
operation with Japanese organizations. 


(3) Musstonaries especially trained to deal with Students 
in Government and in Christian Schools.—At their best the 
Christian schools will contain but a small fraction of the stu- 
dents of Japan. The vast majority will study in government 
schools, from which instruction in religion is excluded and 
in which, in spite of the presence of some Christian teachers, 
the influence is generally anti-Christian, and often anti-reli- 
gious. Of late a considerable change has taken place, espe- 
cially since the department of religion has come under the 
government department of education. The “Association 
Concordia” is taking active steps to secure the co-operation 
of the Education Department in overcoming this hostile in- 
fluence. There is crying need for workers who can deal with 
a class, which will ultimately dominate the empire. Even the 
Christian schools have not secured enough Christian leaders 
for the Japanese church and community. A definite attempt 
should be made to get into closer touch with students in the 
middle schools, through English and Bible classes, the prepa- 


tS 


PREPARATION FOR JAPAN 


ration and distribution of suitable literature, and the influ- 
ence of Christian hostels and the missionary’s own home. 
Workers, Japanese and foreign, who are fitted to deal with 
young people should be stationed where there are middle and 
higher schools and some might be especially set apart for 
this work for students. 


(4) Educators of the highest Training and approved 
Efficiency.—At many points the Christian schools, though 
they are steadily advancing, have been left behind by the gov- 
ernment schools in the rapid advance of recent years. While 
the great need in the Christian schools is financial, in order 
that the equipment may be improved and better Japanese 
teachers be secured, yet there is also need of some highly 
trained missionary teachers. These are especially needed 
for places in the proposed Christian University and the Col- 
lege for Women, as well as for improving the quality of work 
in the existing junior colleges, theological seminaries, and 
training schools for men and women. Such teachers should 
be specialists, both men and women. 

(5) Promoters of Bible Study, especially by developing 
Sunday schools to greater efficiency and building up a much 
larger number of schools or groups of classes for religious 
instruction both on Sunday and on week days. One of the 
great needs in Japan to-day is for trained teachers for such 
schools who will be able to study the situation in Japan in 
the light of modern educational principles, and assist the 
Japanese in the development of this line of work. 

(6) Evangelistic Workers.—It cannot be emphasized too 
strongly or too often that workers in all the fields mentioned 
above should have the evangelistic ability and purpose, so 
that they shall guide all the persons whom they influence for 
Christ. But there is need also for a number of men and 
women trained to do field evangelism in cities and villages, 
and to assist in enlisting and training Japanese lay workers 
in actual evangelism. For success in this work, it is neces- 


16 


PREPARATION FOR JAPAN 


sary that these workers should be of as high quality as spe- 
cialists in other lines. Some of these workers might well be 
trained in some of the lines mentioned under headings 1, 2, 
3, and 5 above. 

(7) There is also a call for a few literary workers, who 
will assist in providing the literature needed by the Christian 
community for its own spiritual nurture and in its work of 
commending Christianity to non-Christians. The prepara- 
tion of literature for Sunday schools should be mentioned 
here though it naturally belongs under (5). A beginning 
has been made in the use of the secular press for the publi- 
cation of articles on Christian subjects. Some training in 
journalism might be helpful at this point. It seems right to 
mention this call even though no new missionary can do this 
work and one cannot tell in advance who will prove fit for 
such tasks. Recent steps are doing much to meet this need. 
This work requires the services of those who are familiar 
with the genius of the Japanese nation and who keep closely 
in touch with the development of thought both in Japan and 
in the West. 

In all these fields of work, there is need for women as well 
as for men, except as speciffed. 


III. LInes oF PREPARATION 


In the light of these conditions and demands, how can the 
missionary candidate best be prepared for work in Japan? 
It may be said that in general full preparation, cultural and 
technical, is highly desirable, if not essential. There is no 
place in Japan for persons of inferior calibre, but there is a 
place for persons who could not be pronounced of the highest 
intellectual type, but who are above the average and who ex- 
cel in qualities of heart and character. The men and women 
needed in Japan are those who have sympathy and breadth 
of view, who are intellectually alert, who can think through 
dificult problems with impartial accuracy, who are courage- 
ously loyal to the truth as they see it and yet can respect the 


17 


PREPARATION FOR JAPAN 


different opinion of another, who know the technique of 
their particular work, and who above all are intelligently 
and vitally Christian through and through. It is more im- 
portant that missionaries should possess these qualities, even 
if their preparation has not been complete, than that they 
should have gone through a long course of study without 
having developed these characteristics, which should nor- 
mally result from such training. While any mission Board 
would appoint candidates possessing these intellectual and 
moral qualifications without the full training, yet these are 
the exceptions and as a rule what is required of clergymen, 
educators, or social workers in the United States or Canada 
is required for such workers in Japan, and then additional 
preparation. Whatever may be said of other countries, for 
Japan any preparation that is superficial in character and is 
not based upon broad culture and thorough professional 
training is likely to prove inadequate. A full college or uni- 
versity course and technical training are as a rule essential. 
Any one who is to teach such subjects as theology or ped- 
agogy requires more than undergraduate courses to qualify 
for such a place. Any degree showing special attainment, 
such as the degrees of M.A. and Ph.D., is held in high esteem 
and the holder thereof accorded special respect. It is most 
desirable that educational missionaries should either have or 
expect soon to obtain at least the degree of M.A. 


All the highest institutions of learning in Japan are 
manned by Japanese who are not only graduates of Japanese 
universities, but who have had from two to four years of 
post-graduate work and foreign travel. If missionary edu- 
cators are to stand on a level of equality with Japanese pro- 
fessors, they must have training that is at least comparable. 


The women missionaries in Japan need as full and thor- 
ough preparation as the men who are engaged in the same 
lines of work. Except where otherwise specified, it may be 


18 


PREPARATION FOR JAPAN 


taken for granted that the preparation urged for mission- 
aries to Japan applies alike to men and to women. 

PREPARATION AT Home. Even at the risk of undue repe- 
tition, it should be emphasized at the outset that the lines 
of preparation noted below should be built upon a vital 
Christian experience, an experience which is not merely a 
thing of the past, but which is of the very essence of the 
daily life. 


A. GENERAL. The following subjects may be men- 
tioned as of special value to one preparing for work in Japan, 
although not every missionary can go very far in all. 

(1) Principles of Education—‘Pedagogy, especially for 
Sunday school and educational work,” was first put in the 
recommendations made on this topic by the so-called Japan 
National Conference, composed of Japanese and mission- 
aries, which was held under the lead of Dr. John R. Mott at 
Tokyo, in April, 1913. The reason for this has already been 
set forth at sufficient length. All missionaries need to under- 
stand the principles of education as applied to instruction in 
religion. 

(2) An Understanding of Christianity and tts Solution 
of the Problems of Thought and Life-—The minimum re- 
quired under this head is a familiarity with the contents and 
teaching of the Bible, with special emphasis upon the life and 
teaching of Jesus, and a well-ordered grasp of Christian 
truth. Each worker should be able to use the English Bible 
and to tell others what it means to be a Christian. The 
knowledge of the Bible and Christian doctrine which is usu- 
ally secured by attendance at public worship and at Sunday 
School, supplemented by private daily reading of the Scrip- 
tures or by attendance upon Bible classes under inexpert 
guidance is not sufficient to enable one to become efficient in 
leading intelligent Japanese into the Christian life. ‘As al- 
ready explained, the Japanese students are facing all the 
maze into which modern science has led them. They have 


19 


PREPARATION FOR JAPAN 


lost or are losing faith in their old beliefs, are familiar with 
the anti-Christian teaching of much of the literature of the 
last thirty years, and tend to regard all religion as mere su- 
perstition. To meet these various needs, the missionary 
candidate may wisely elect such courses as the following: 


a. The Bible, to understand in a modern scientific and at the 
same time vital way its development, contents, and message. The 
problems raised by the higher criticism and the doctrine of evolu- 
tion must be squarely faced. This is the more important because 
of a tendency among the Japanese to think little of the Old Testa- 
ment. 

b. Christian Doctrine, to get a well ordered understanding of 
Christian truth as a system of thought as well as a vital, trans- 
forming force. The missionary needs to be able to give an intel- 
ligent answer to such questions as these: 

How should Christians think of God and his relation te the world and 

to man? 

Why is the pantheistic idea of God wrong? Why should we believe 

in a personal God? 

How should Christians think of Christ? What is the meaning of his 

life, death, and resurrection? 

What do Copatiuns mean by the Holy Spirit? 

What is man, especially in his relations to God? 

What is sin? What is holiness? How is a sinful man changed into 

a holy man? 

What is the significance of forgiveness and atonement and how are 

they brought about? 

How should Christians regard the Bible, including such elements as 

the story of creation, miracles, etc.? 

What is prayer? What is faith? What is conversion? 

What do Christians mean by the final judgment and by heaven? 

What does Christianity expect of the individual in his relations to God 

and to his fellow men? 

What is the Church and what its work and purpose? 

What does Christianity expect to make of this world? What does it 
mean by the kingdom of God? 

An attempt to comprehend in an orderly fashion such elements 
as these in Christian truth is of the utmost value for the mis- 
sionary both as an individual Christian and as an exponent of 
Christianity to the Japanese. 


c. The history of Christianity, including the relation of the 
Church and of cognate institutions and movements to the thought 
and institutions of the last nineteen centuries. 


20 


PREPARATION FOR JAPAN 


d. Philosophy, in order to understand how men in all ages 
have interpreted the universe, man, God, and man’s relation to 
his environment, material, human, and divine, and especially in 
order to get the Christian view of the world, of life, and of con- 
duct. Such specific questions as those concerning miracles and 
prayer are of vital importance to the Japanese student who is 
interested in Christianity. The problems raised by the new psy- 
chology, especially in its relation to religion and philosophy, come 
in here. The best methods of meeting the agnostic and atheistic 
views of life and the universe are also most important. There 
should be clear thinking regarding the positions of materialism 
and idealism. 


e. Comparative Religion, in order to understand the unique 
place of Christianity among the religions of the world, and how 
it satisfies the religious needs of mankind. Special attention may 
well be given to Buddhism, Confucianism, and Shintoism in order 
to prepare the way for a scholarly study of the forms they take 
in Japan itself. 


(3) An experiential Knowledge of Christianity—The 
candidate may be a specialist in the fields just mentioned and 
yet may be an utter failure as a missionary. He will surely 
be such unless Christianity is to him more than a subject to 
be mastered; it must be a life which has mastered him. It 
must be so vital that it sends him forth on fire with zeal to 
lead others into a like experience. The normal Christian in 
the early church apparently possessed an exuberance of joy, — 
a buoyancy of spirit, a richness of personal experience which 
has ceased to be normal among the Christians of the West. 
It is characteristic of many of the Christians on the mission 
field, and should be characteristic of the missionary also. It 
is not a thing that can be acquired in a mechanical way, by 
dint of reading a specified number of books or pursuing a 
definite course of study. It is a matter that should call for 
serious attention on the part of every candidate. He should 
pray and strive that Christ’s joy, which He promised to His 
disciples, may be his own. And it will be, provided his life 
is lived in constant fellowship with the Master. 


2} 


[ PREPARATION FOR JAPAN 


(4) Applied Christianity—The application of Chris- 
tian faith and thought to social and industrial problems, 
which in the next decade will demand some workers of spe- 
cial knowledge and enthusiasm,” was the second demand of 
the Japan National Conference in 1913. This includes theo- 
retical and applied sociology, including economic history, 
and the history of modern industrialism, modern charity, 
and all the program of the modern social reformer. Social- 
ism and its relation to Christianity is a live issue in Japan 
to-day. The social problems are among the most critical be- 
fore Japan, and the missionary who understands their sig- 
nificance and the lines along which their solution lies, and 
who burns with a Christian social zeal can render an im- 
portant service to Christianity in Japan to-day. Many 
Japanese doubt the power of Christianity to solve their so- 
cial, industrial, and ethical problems. 


(5) An historical and comparative Study of Missions.— 
Some missionaries would put in first place a knowledge of 
the so-called science of missions. The situation in Japan is 
such that the missionary should be equipped with a knowl- 
edge of whatever is helpful in the missionary experience of 
the whole Christian Church, and especially of the Christian 
Church in Japan. He should know what history has to teach 
regarding the fundamental purpose of missionary work, the 
relative emphasis that should be put upon the different 
phases of missionary endeavor; the dangers that attend too 
exclusive emphasis, for example, upon the work of evangel- 
ism or of education; the errors that are to be guarded against 
in the realm of doctrine, or in the way of compromise with 
non-Christian thought, institutions, or customs; the methods 
of making most helpful the relations between the missionary 
and the church in Japan; the best methods of reaching those 
as yet untouched by Christian influence; the ways by which 
the Christian school may be made most effective as a Chris- 
tianizing agency, etc. These are merely examples of the sort 


22 


PREPARATION FOR JAPAN 


of topics that are included under this heading. Those who 
have had an adequate theological course will be able to se- 
cure much of this through private reading. 


(6) The History, Religions and Social Polity of Japan.— 
These should be subjects for study by the missionary 
throughout his career, but foundations can best be laid dur- 
ing the years of preparation. Such work will enable the new 
missionary to enter more quickly into the spirit of Japanese 
life and understand the significance of the phenomena which 
greet him upon his arrival in the country. Some preliminary 
instruction regarding Japanese customs, etiquette, and the 
best methods of approaching the people may wisely be in- 
cluded. 

(7) Phonetics —Preliminary training in general phonet- 
ics and in methods of language study will materially assist 
the missionary to acquire the Japanese language more quickly 
and more accurately. This applies even to those who will 
enter the Tokyo Japanese Language School. Experience 
here has already shown the advantage of such training at 
home. While the phonetics of Japanese are less difficult 
than those of some other languages, yet it is interest- 
ing to note that missionaries who have lived in Japan for 
years and who are regarded as masters of Japanese, yet often 
fail in the niceties of pronunciation. Here is where a scien- 
tific study of phonetics, especially when supplemented by 
laboratory experiments, will be of great assistance. Pho- 
netics, however, would best be omitted unless studied under 
a thoroughly and scientifically trained teacher, and the num- 
ber of these is comparatively limited. 


(8) Supervised Work with Individuals.—lt is possible 
for a new missionary, whose zeal is not tempered with suff- 
cient knowledge, to do within the first few years of his work 
in Japan much harm, which it may take him years to correct. 
Before leaving home, he should have his first lessons in deal- 
ing with the spiritual needs of individuals, should learn tact 


23 


PREPARATION FOR JAPAN 


and the various methods of approach, and should so taste 
of the joys of this work, which is the very heart of the mis- 
sionary enterprise, that he will ever be the bearer of the 
evangel. The missionary should take to Japan with him a 
teachable spirit and not go out with a “know-it-all” air, sim- 
ply because he has been a successful worker at home. If 
the practical work at home can be supervised by one who is 
familiar with conditions abroad and who can thus translate 
the experiences at home into terms of the future work, it will 
be of great advantage. Experience abundantly proves the 
very great value of such work and the possibility of trans- 
forming a crude and even inefficient candidate into one who 
is relatively efficient and who will realize the necessity of 
learning the people’s customs and point of view. Such a 
person will gladly place himself under the guidance of ex- 
perienced missionaries and Japanese pastors before he un- 
dertakes independent work. 


In Japan there is little call for the missionary who is a 
“jack-at-all-trades.’”’ Industrial training is not called for, 
and the missionary does not require any medical training be- 
yond knowing how to preserve health and meet emergencies. 


Caution. The statement has just been made that the mis- 
sionary in Japan should not be a “jack-at-all-trades.”’ This 
applies as much to the matter of intellectual preparation as 
to the subject of practical skill. The elements just mentioned 
cannot all be mastered by any one missionary; he cannot be 
a specialist in all these subjects. If he attempted it, or tried 
to study everything which might be of value to him in Japan, 
he would not reach the country until middle life, or even old 
age, and arrival upon the field should not be unduly delayed. 
Each missionary should seek to be a specialist in some one 
line and to be intelligent regarding the other subjects. A 
similar statement may be made regarding the various lines 
of missionary effort which lie open to the missionaries. 


24 


PREPARATION FOR JAPAN 


How do these general statements apply to the preparation 
of different classes of missionaries? 


B. OrpAINED MissIONARIES. The one who looks for- 
ward to work as an ordained missionary should take a full 
college and theological course. In college and university 
solid foundations should be laid in psychology and philos- 
ophy. Enough natural science, at least, to give an under- 
standing of the scientific view of the world should be in- 
cluded. Courses in sociology and to a less extent in ethnology 
may well be emphasized, and this should include a study of 
economic and industrial problems and the principles of mod- 
ern philanthropy. Where feasible an idea of the modern 
theories of education may well be secured. A course in the 
history of eastern Asia would lay foundations for an under- 
standing of present-day Japan. A real mastery of one lan- 
guage is a great step towards the mastery of another; but 
this means learning to speak it, not merely to translate pas- 
sages by means of grammar and dictionary. If German or 
French can be learned thus, it will be helpful as a prepara- 
tion for learning Japanese, as well as be of value of itself. 


In his theological course emphasis should be laid upon 
those courses which will best give an understanding of the 
Bible, its history, its contents, and its message, and these 
should make the Bible of practical value in dealing with in- 
dividuals. A grasp of Christian truth in its relation to the 
thought and problems of the present day and to other re- 
ligions, and the best methods of defending it against the 
attacks of non-Christian philosophy, pseudo-science, and the 
whole realm of agnostic and atheistic thought, is very essen- 
tial. The philosophy and history of religion, apologetics, and 
comparative religion are of value here, but they ought to be 
keyed to meet the problems of Japan rather than of Amer- 
ica. The history of the church and of the missionary enter- 
prise are also important, if properly presented. Where the 


ao 


PREPARATION FOR JAPAN 


science and art of religious education are taught, these should 
not be neglected by the prospective missionary. 


In this connection reference should be had to the findings 
of the conference of theological seminaries which met, at the 
‘call of the Board of Missionary Preparation, in New York, 
December 1 and 2, 1914, and discussed the preparation of 
ordained missionaries (see pages 417 to 422). 


It will rarely be possible for the candidate to include all 
these subjects in his college and divinity course, but these are 
the themes on which emphasis may wisely be placed. If an 
additional year of preparation is possible, this should include 
what has necessarily been omitted, as well as a more detailed 
study of the so-called science of missions, and courses which 
will lay the foundations for an understanding of the Japan- 
ese people, their history, social organization, thought-life, 
religion, and ideals. The ethnography of Japan and a study 
of the sociological problems of missionary work are other 
topics of value. Linguistics and phonetics, with special ref- 
erence to the peculiarities of the Japanese language, should 
be included, provided proper facilities are available for ac- 
curate, thorough, and scientific training, but not otherwise. 


Some of the most delicate and important questions before 
missions in Japan concern the relations between the Japanese 
Church, in different denominations, and the missions. This 
includes the relation of the missionary to the Japanese 
Church and the relation of this Church to the Church which 
established and supports its co-operating mission. If the 
ordained missionary can be introduced to the history of this 
question and its varying answers in advance of his arrival, 
it will be helpful. The ordained missionary should be able 
to advise with the Japanese pastors with reference to the 
most effective methods of work and organization in the local 
congregation or district. While this is the task of the older 
missionary, yet it presupposes first-hand knowledge of ‘the 
actual workings of churches and this must be secured at 


26 


PREPARATION FOR JAPAN 


home. Experience indicates the great value, even to gradu- 
ates of theological seminaries or colleges, of both theoretical 
and practical training under the guidance of persons with 
missionary experience, if they are to avoid the almost in- 
evitable mistakes of the new missionary. 

In recent years there has been a decided movement on the 
part of theological seminaries towards adding to their cur- 
ricula courses which are especially designed to prepare the 
future missionary to meet the problems which are peculiar 
to the foreign field. In this way many missionary candidates 
can secure excellent general missionary preparation, at least 
for certain fields. Yet there is a conviction on the part of 
many that these courses, admirable and necessary as they 
are, do not completely satisfy the requirements for such a 
country as Japan, and that some ordained missionaries, at 
least, should secure still further preparation. Some of this 
can be gained by private reading, but candidates should care- 
fully consider the advisability and possibility of an addi- 
tional year of preparation, and if this does not seem feasible 
before entering upon their work, they should aim to secure 
it on one of their early furloughs. 


C. EpucaTIonaL Missionaries. The educational mis- 
sionary to Japan needs a broad general culture and the best 
training available in the science and art of education. Some- 
thing more than an ordinary normal course that does not pre- 
suppose a college course is required. For one who is to teach 
in the higher Christian schools, graduate courses in one’s 
specialty are imperative. 

The educational missionary goes out as a missionary even 
more than as an educator. It is, therefore, vital that he 
should have at least the minimum specified above, viz., “a 
familiarity with the contents and teaching of the Bible, with 
special emphasis upon the life and teaching of Jesus, and a 
well-ordered grasp of Christian truth.” He should have 
faced squarely the philosophical and religious questions al- 


27 


PREPARATION FOR JAPAN 


ready specified so that he can guide students through their 
problems into the Christian life. All educational mission- 
aries should be equipped to be efficient teachers of the Bible 
and of its application to the problems of personal and social 
life. They all have the opportunity for Bible teaching, which 
they should be prepared and willing to accept. The educa- 
tors may wisely know enough of sociology to appreciate the 
social problems of Japan and be able to inspire the students 
with a passion for social reform. 


With this end in view, the candidate may well include in 
his college or university work courses in philosophy, com- 
parative religion, and the like. Thorough, scholarly, and 
constructive courses in the Bible should be elected if avail- 
able. Any studies or practical work which will prepare him 
to deal with students and lead them into the Christian life 
are imperative; for unless he can do this, he will be a failure 
as a missionary. 

Otherwise the training of the educational missionary is 
similar to that of other lay missionaries, which is treated 
under the next heading. 


D. Women AnD Lay Misstonarigs. Like educational 
missionaries, lay missionaries, social workers and others, 
whether men or women, should have a broad general culture 
and be masters of their specialty. Women missionaries 
who go out as evangelistic workers should secure as much 
of the training outlined for ordained missionaries as possible. 
For Japan, at least, it is a mistake to suppose that while men 
need three or four years of special preparation, women can 
get along with little or none. 

For all women and lay missionaries, the college course 
should include work in philosophy, psychology, principles 
of education and some practice work, the social sciences, 
including their application to the problems of philanthropy 
and social reform. Courses of the constructive type which 
are offered in the Bible and comparative religion should be 


28 


PREPARATION FOR JAPAN 


included. Linguistics and the study of languages like Ger- 
man or French by modern methods are also of value. 


Lay missionaries, men or women, who expect to spend 
their lives in Japan should plan to supplement their college 
and professional work by at least one year—in many cases, 
two years—of special preparation, which should include as 
much as possible of the studies mentioned under the head of 
A. General. A thorough grounding in the Bible, Christian 
doctrine, the relations of Christianity to other religions and 
its effective presentation as the solvent of the problems of 
personal and social life is essential. Some training in psy- 
chology and the principles of education with special refer- 
ence to instruction in religion are only less important. Next 
come the introduction of the missionary to an understanding 
of Japan, an appreciation of the significance of the problems 
of social progress, and a familiarity with at least the ele- 
ments of the science of missions. Of great value is the 
practical introduction under trained guidance into work for 
others, in order that the natural mistakes made by all new 
missionaries shall be perpetrated at home rather than in 
Japan, where their effect would be more serious. As for 
other missionaries, instruction in phonetics and methods of 
language study should not be overlooked. 


A little of this work can be secured in colleges, but only a 
little, except in rare instances. Much may be done in a single 
year of special preparation, and still more in two years. All 
this can be supplemented, of course, by private reading dur- 
ing student days. 

The standard for lay missionaries should be kept high, 
and yet it may fairly be added that certain special classes, 
such as railway employees, postal clerks, and the like, are 
coming to be accessible to Christian workers, and useful 
work can be done among them by laymen who have not had 
the full preparation here advocated, provided these workers 
have had a vital experience of what the Christian life is and 


29 


PREPARATION FOR JAPAN 


have a good understanding of the Bible and the truths of — 
Christianity. 

In the past too often little attention has been paid to the 
preparation of the wives of missionaries. In the missions of 
some nations the wives are little more than wives and moth- 
ers and engage in little missionary work. In American mis- 
sions, however, the wives are as truly missionaries as their 
husbands and the single women, and hence require prepara- 
tion. Where possible, it is wise for such missionaries to 
have the same training as other lay workers. They should 
at least have a good grasp upon the Bible and Christian 
truth. 


Because of the prominence in Japan to-day of questions 
concerning the rights and status of women, all women mis- 
sionaries should have special training on the place of woman 
in the development of the race, as given in the science of 
anthropology, and should understand how to meet most 
wisely the situations created by the agitations of the women 
of Japan for the suffrage and other privileges. Especially 
they should be trained to understand women and their am- 
bitions as well as their oppressions. The betterment of a 
nation is so largely conditioned upon the betterment of the 
industrial life and especially of woman’s attitude to the in- 
dustries that home duties thrust upon her that training to 
meet this problem in a helpful manner should, if possible, 
be secured. This would mean a study of the industrial 
problem of modern society as it affects woman and the home. 


Women missionaries should also, when possible, have a 
practical knowledge of housekeeping, plain cooking, and 
plain sewing. It will greatly help the efficiency of their work, 
if, when keeping house in the interior, the domestic wheels 
run smoothly, and the home is neat and clean. This applies 
especially to the wives.~ They should be able to assist the 
Japanese wives, who are now facing delicate problems of 
readjustment and who can be greatly helped by Christian 


30 


PREPARATION FOR JAPAN 


wives and mothers, with a knowledge of what the Christian 
home should be and the part which women can properly take 
in the life of a nation. 


E. Revative Importance. Should this recital of re- 
quirements discourage any one? No, it should serve as a 
challenge to make the best possible preparation for one of 
the most difficult tasks before the Church of to-day. It is 
no easy work to which the missionary for Japan is called. 
Yet it is fair to ask the question as to which elements of the 
preparation indicated are most important, and which can be 
omitted with least loss, if need be. The committee would 
reply that two things are absolutely essential. The first is 
the possession of a living Christian experience, which im- 
presses all one meets with the reality of the spiritual life. 
Habits of prayer and of constant communion with the Father 
are the absolute essentials for real missionary usefulness. 
The second is an adequate intellectual grasp of Christianity, 
as set forth in the Bible and in the thought of Christians 
through the centuries; in other words, the Bible and Chris- 
tian doctrine. One who knows what Christianity is needs 
next to understand how to apply it. He should know how 
to apply it in work with individuals, which means training in 
Christian work under supervision; how to teach it to chil- 
dren, youth, and adults, which means some knowledge of 
religious education and psychology; how to apply it to social 
problems, which means an understanding of these problems 
as well as of the social teachings of the gospel. Closely fol- 
lowing after these subjects would come the study of philos- 
ophy, of the history of religion, and of comparative religion. 
Preparation for an understanding of the country and of the 
problems of missions would perhaps come last, not that these 
subjects are not important—for they are becoming increas- 
ingly so—but because they may more easily be studied out 
of books by the missionary candidate, who is using his read- 
ing to increase his efficiency. Yet the candidate should make 


31 


PREPARATION FOR JAPAN 


every endeavor to secure preparation along all the lines 
specified. 

One point should here be reiterated. We have been dis- 
cussing the preparation which different classes of mission- 
aries require for efficiency in their varying tasks. Yet after 
all the work is one, namely, that of making known the 
evangel. The different methods are justified only as they 
are fitted to secure God-like-ness in the character of individ- 
uals and in the relations of men to one another and to God. 
The evangelistic purpose should actuate every worker, should 
inspire and guide in every task, for the multifarious work of 
modern missions is all one, and it attains this unity through 
the one common purpose of making Jesus Christ the supreme 
power and the model in the lives of individuals and of na- 
tions. No one who does not believe this from the bottom of 
his heart can be an efficient missionary in Japan or in any 
other mission field. 


PREPARATION IN JAPAN. When the new missionary has 
landed in Japan, his preparation has just begun. He must 
make up his mind that his preparation will never be complete 
and that as long as he remains in the work he must seek ever 
greater efficiency. Instead of specifying subjects, as was 
done under the last heading, this committee would specify 
certain tasks which lie before the missionary. 


(1) Learning the Japanese Language.—-The Japanese 
language is one of the difficult languages now in use. There 
are two colloquials, the ordinary and the polite, the written 
language, which differs widely from the colloquial, and, as 
if it were not enough, two or three thousand Chinese ideo- 
graphs to be learned. All the preliminary training that can 
be secured at home is of value, but the real study of the 
language will be done in Japan. The study of the language 
should be the first business during the early years of service. 
The missionary should not be satisfied with a working knowl- 
edge of Japanese, but seek to come as near as possible to mas- 


32 


PREPARATION FOR JAPAN 


tering it, and using it like a Japanese. During the study 
period he should use what he has as much as he can. The 
danger in language schools is that the students do not use 
the language except when they are studying it. They should 
practice what they learn in natural conversation, in calls in 
homes, and in giving simple Bible lessons. It is suggested 
that the new missionary should arrange for daily practice in 
speaking Japanese outside of the language school and employ 
a person to talk and correct his mistakes. The ability to 
read Japanese newspapers and magazines is a valuable 
asset, yes, a necessity, for all classes of missionaries. The 
Tokyo Conference of Japanese Leaders, held by Dr. Mott 
in April, 1913, declared that ability to read and under- 
stand such publications should be the standard, especially for 
missionaries engaged in directing evangelistic work. Even 
those who deal with students who understand English find 
it wise to use the language of the heart and the home when 
giving instruction in the Bible or when seeking to arouse 
and satisfy their ethical and religious needs. No missionary 
should shirk his responsibility at this point. 


In connection with the language work there can be some 
instruction in Japanese history, religions, customs and eti- 
quette, and in missionary methods, but too great emphasis 
placed upon such lectures or studies will interfere with the 
mastery of the language. 


The missionary should never stop studying the language. 
Many a missionary has sinned grievously at this point. 
When examinations were past, study ceased. This is really 
a great crime against missionary efficiency and should be re- 
garded as such. Nothing short of mastery should be the 
ideal; and it is a marvel what patient persistence will do 
even for one who is not a born linguist. Each missionary 
should resolve to know the language better each succeeding 
year, no matter how long he remains in the country. 

(2) Studying Japan and the People—The history of 


33 


PREPARATION FOR JAPAN 


Japan, its religions, its social conventions and its etiquette 
are subjects worthy of most careful study by the missionary. 
He should learn how to work with the Japanese in fullest 
sympathy and co-operation. 


The Tokyo Conference of Japanese leaders recommended 
a plan which is unique and suggestive, but which has never, 
so far as the committee is aware, been tested in Japan or 
any other mission field as to its practical value, namely, that 
“every new missionary, as far as practicable, should work 
for the first year or two under the direction of some experi- 
enced Japanese pastor, and so get acquainted with Japanese 
church members and become familiar with their manners, 
customs and habits of thinking, as well as study the lan- 
guage.”’ The Japan National Conference, composed of both 
Japanese and missionaries, did not adopt this recommenda- 
tion, but instead declared “new missionaries as early as pos- 
sible should be closely associated with experienced Japanese 
workers, thus acquiring familiarity with the people, their 
customs and their habits of thought.” One of the best things 
for a young missionary is to become intimately acquainted 
with a Japanese leader, and, if possible, be associated with 
him in work in some way. This plan is working well with 
some young missionaries. 


The missionary should seek to understand Japan, its his- 
tory, its genius, its ideals, and its ambitions. He should 
enter into the thought life of the people as it expresses itself 
in literature, institutions and customs. This can be done 
through working with the people and by the reading and 
study of the best authorities on Japan. 

The missionary must always be on his guard against per- 
mitting himself to get into a critical attitude towards the 
Japanese. In some quarters there has been a tendency for 
missionaries to make much of what appear to them the foi- 
bles, peculiarities and weaknesses of the Japanese. Much of 
this criticism may be thoughtless or even humorous, but this 


34 


PREPARATION FOR JAPAN 


does not make it less dangerous. The Japanese might 
equally well dwell upon the idiosyncrasies and follies of the 
foreigners residing in Japan, not excluding the missionaries 
themselves. If this attitude becomes chronic with the mis- 
sionary, it destroys his usefulness. Every nation has its 
peculiarities and weaknesses as well as its admirable char- 
acteristics, and one need not be blind to the former, but the 
successful missionary will not permit himself to let these shut 
out from his vision the latter. He must be a real lover of 
Japan and its people, and this can properly be the case only 
as he truly understands and appreciates them. To do this 
is one of the primary duties of the missionary. 


(3) Making Oneself a Specialist in some Subject con- 
cerning Japan.—lIn the early days of the Syrian mission each 
new missionary in connection with his study of Arabic was 
assigned some topic to work up. The result of this policy 
was the production of authoritative works such as Thomson’s 
“The Land and the Book,” Post’s “The Botany of the Holy 
Land,” and Van Dyck’s work on “Astronomy.” Such a policy 
would be of value to the missionary personally and to the 
work in which he is engaged. One missionary in Japan has 
made a specialty of certain phases of Buddhism. Another 
is an authority on tuberculosis in Japan, and this adds to his 
prestige. A missionary in China made himself an authority 
on the Chinese merchant guild, another on Chinese weights 
and measures. Among possible topics for Japan may be 
mentioned: 

Buddhism, history of some sect or sects. 
Buddhism, relation to the state. 

Buddhism, its missionary methods, past and present. 
Shintoism, its present significance. 

Japanese history. 

International relations of Japan. 

Japanese economics. 

Japanese education. 

Factory legislation in Japan. 


The condition of working girls. 
Japanese philanthropy. 


Go 
cn 


PREPARATION FOR JAPAN 


Present day religious thought of Japan. 

Japanese feudalism and its effects. 

Present social organization in Japan. 

Rural conditions. 

Conditions in some occupations, e.g., jinrikisha coolies, farm hands, mer- 
cantile apprentices. 


These topics are given merely as illustrations of what lines 
of study are open to the 1nissionary. Some of them have 
been studied with great thoroughness by missionaries and 
other investigators, and the new missionary would hardly 
be able to do much more than become familiar with the 
results of their researches and try to carry them perhaps 
somewhat further. It is not necessary, however, that the 
specialty should concern Japan. Almost any specialty will 
be helpful, though, of course, some would be more valuable 
to the missionary than others. Such study will do at least 
three things: it will help the missionary to keep his intel- 
lectual life on the proper level; it will commend him to the 
Japanese and thus increase his efficiency; it will, if the sub- 
ject has not been fully covered, make a real contribution to 
scholarship. In all these ways it will make him a more useful 
missionary. Even if a missionary is not naturally brilliant 
or quick, he can yet go on to high attainment by willingness 


to forego distractions, and by quiet, confident persistency; 
and the results will be well worth the effort. Needless to 


say, the missionary should never permit this avocation to 
become his vocation and take precedence over his regular 
missionary work. In some few cases this has been a real 
danger. 


(4) Maintaining Habits of Study.—This was implied 
under the last heading. The missionary should follow 
closely as possible the development of thought in some one 
or two lines in the west and also in Japan. He should keep 
in touch also with the movements in Japan, political, indus- 
trial, social, ethical, religious. He should read books and 
magazines dealing with Japan. 


36 


PREPARATION FOR JAPAN 


IV. PREPARATION DuRING FURLOUGHS 


To the missionary who finds by experience that his prep- 
aration was inadequate, the furlough offers an opportunity 
for further preparation. The Boards are more and more 
permitting or even assisting missionaries to spend at least 
part of their furloughs in study. Preparation thus secured 
has this advantage. The missionary has learned during his 
years in Japan what he needs and is therefore better able to 
appreciate the significance and value of what is offered. Even 
when a missionary cannot spend all his furlough in study, a 
few months at some university, seminary or other high- 
grade training institution have sent the missionary back to 
Japan with new zest and increased efficiency. The furlough 
also affords the hard-worked missionary a chance for the 
reading which the busy years in Japan did not give. 

Study during furloughs will save the missionary from two 
inevitable dangers which beset him. (1) Because of his neces- 
sarily isolated life, he almost inevitably gets behind the times, 
or fails to acquaint himself with the changes in the thoughts 
of scholars in the departments with which he was familiar 
in his student days. If he spends all his furloughs speaking 
on Japan, he cannot discover this fact. The effects of this 
isolation do not show themselves in a single decade; but after 
two or three decades the Japanese who meet the missionary 
discover that he has not progressed in his thinking since he 
first came to the country. So instead of his influence increas- 
ing with every decade, as it should do, it begins to wane. 
Many Japanese comment on this fact. This danger can be 
avoided if the missionary will go to school again during his 
furloughs. (2) The second danger is that of dogmatism. 
The missionary lives alone much of the time; he is, or should 
be, constantly in the position of a teacher or of a leader to 
whom those about him look up. The result is that it is diffi- 
cult for him to avoid becoming dogmatic. To counteract 
this tendency, he needs to become once more a learner, and 


37 


PREPARATION FOR JAPAN 


for a period to place himself under the guidance of others, 
who are masters in their special departments of thought or 
activity. 

Any of the elements of preparation that may be secured 
at home may be obtained during furloughs. The specialist 
will naturally seek to learn the latest word in his own depart- 
ment. The teacher will wish courses in his own subjects. 
The social worker will desire to learn the results of the latest 
researches and efforts at social amelioration. 


The ordained missionary naturally turns to the more re- 
cent results of Biblical studies and Christian thought. For 
him the emphasis would ordinarily be put at this point, un- 
less his real work is along other lines or there have been 
unusual gaps in his previous training. It is most important 
that missionaries, who are unable, while on the field, to follow 
the developments within the Biblical and theological realms, 
should come into touch with them while at home. This does 
not mean that they must accept the newer views, but that 
they should know what they are and understand the reasons 
which lie back of them. In many mission fields there is 
friction between the older and the younger workers because 
neither side can understand the other’s viewpoint. Harmony 
and efficiency will be promoted if the ordained missionaries 
thus bring their knowledge up to date, just as the physician 
and educator feel bound to do. 

Besides this modernizing of one’s original preparation, 
which is the chief function of study during furloughs, the 
missionary can supply the deficiencies of his previous prepa- 
ration. Whole new fields of knowledge may have been de- 
veloped meantime. Such subjects as. the following have 
proved of value to missionaries: 


(1) Bible and Theology.—The lay worker who has found 
his grasp of the Bible and his comprehension of Christian 
truth inadequate has now a chance to learn new methods of 
studying and teaching the Bible, and to become familiar with 


38 


PREPARATION FOR JAPAN 


the best of recent developments in Christian thought. He 
may also learn the significance of the newer views, relating 
to the Bible and to Christian doctrine, so as to be able to 
assist those in Japan who wish to be up to date in reaching 
sound conclusions. Some of the serious breaks in the past, in 
the relations between the missionaries and the Japanese, were 
due to inability or unwillingness to do just this. This point. 
applies equally to the lay and to the ordained missionary, as 
explained above. 


(2) Philosophy.—Missionaries who have never faced in 
a scholarly way the problems raised by the new psychology, 
or those centering in the relations of science and religion, or 
those raised by the new materialistic or idealistic philosophy 
may wisely take courses to assist them at this point. Work 
in the history and philosophy of religion may also be taken 
wisely by some. 


(3) Religious Education—Some of the most serious 
problems in Japan center in the realm of religious education. 
How can the truths of Christianity be presented most effec- 
tively to the Japanese children, youth, and adults? What 
are the best avenues of approach to the heart of the Japanese 
with religious truth? How can the Sunday schools and the 
Bible classes, to which so many students resort, be made 
more productive of good? The answers to these either lie 
within the realm of the new religious education or must be 
secured through investigations in Japan made by mission- 
aries trained in the principles and technique of this depart- 
ment. Some missionaries have found such courses as this of 
great value. 


(4) Social Sciences, theoretical and applied.—tin these 
days the missionaries in Japan are face to face with all the 
problems of a society in process of reconstruction. Some of 
these were faced by England a century and more ago. Others 
are those which are now pressing for solution in America. 
He needs therefore to understand historically and theoret- 


39 


PREPARATION FOR JAPAN 


ically the significance of these movements, to become familiar 
with what the lamented Professor C. R. Henderson of Chi- 
cago called the social programs of the west, and also to know 
what Christianity has to offer by way of a social gospel. 
Courses in economic history, in sociology, in philanthropy, 
including such subjects as sanitation, housing, pauperism, 
and penology, and in the social teachings of Jesus, may prove 
of real service. Socialism and the other suggested solutions 
for pressing industrial and social problems may wisely be 
looked into by some missionaries. 

(5) Japanese Subjects ——Ordinarily the missionary can- 
not find time, strength, or guidance for going very far in his 
studies in Japanese history, Japanese religion, and Japanese 
literature. The opportunities in America for advanced 
scholarly work along such lines as these are somewhat rare, 
but the universities and other educational institutions are 
beginning to offer courses of this type and these facilities 
will doubtless increase from year to year. 

(6) The Science of Missions —What has been said re- 
garding Japanese subjects holds true with some modifications 
of the science of missions. This is a subject which is in proc- 
ess of becoming a science. Specialists in this department are 
increasing in number and the institutions where a broader 
view can be obtained of the entire program of missions can 
be found here and there. 

(7) Phonetics and Linguistics—These subjects have 
been studied with good results by a few missionaries on fur- 
lough, who have thus discovered where they were deficient in 
their use of Japanese and have learned how they may assist 
new missionaries in their work on the language. 


CONCLUSION 


The committee would not wish the preceding statements to 
discourage any one who contemplates work in Japan. Many 
missionaries have done most effective work without much of 


40 


PREPARATION FOR JAPAN 


the preparation recommended. It would be a mistake to 
delay arrival on the field unduly in order to carry the home 
preparation to an extreme. By a proper use of the elective. 
system, and by carefully prepared courses of private reading, 
much can be done to secure sufficient preparation during the 
usual years of study. If in addition arrangements can be 
made for a year of graduate work—or even for two years 
on the part of one without theological or Biblical training— 
this will lay the foundations for the highest efficiency, which 
can be built upon during the years of work and the furlough 
periods. 


While Japan needs thoroughly prepared missionaries, she 
is calling for workers, not for those who are merely pre- 
parers or studiers. Study and preparation are not ends in 
themselves but only means to an end, and they become a 

curse unless they are kept in their proper place. The course 
of preparation outlined in this report is urged upon the at- 
tention of missionaries for Japan, both men and women, be- 
cause it is believed that it will increase their efficiency and 
enable them both to project definite undertakings for the 
Christianization of Japan and to carry these through to suc- 
cess. 


In conclusion, the committee would emphasize with all 
possible force its conviction that what is needed more than 
the completion of any prescribed course of study is a mis- 
sionary who has the capacity for growth, a willingness and 
determination not to rest satisfied with any present attain- 
ments, a spirit of service and of adaptiveness which will lead 
to glad conformity to the conditions of work in Japan, and 
above all a vital experience of the life which is hid with 
Christ in God, and which draws upon these inexhaustible 
sources for the power of Christian achievement. 


41 


PREPARATION FOR JAPAN 


V. SeELeEcT BIBLIOGRAPHY ON JAPAN 


(Prepared by Professor Edmund D. Soper of Drew Theological Seminary, 


working in conjunction with correspondents in Japan.) 


The following list is divided into two main divisions, one 
consisting of books which are recommended to missionary 
candidates to be read if possible before reaching Japan, the 
other of books recommended to missionaries to be read on 
the field and on furlough. 


pS 


pet 


12, 
13. 


14. 


sly 
16. 
17, 
18. 


mat 


I. For MIssIoNARY CANDIDATES 


Cary, Otis. Japan and Its Regeneration, or 
De Forest, J. H. Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom, or 
Nitobe, I. The Japanese Nation. 

For short general sketch of all that concerns the missionary. 
Murray, David. Japan, “Story of the Nation” series, or 
Longford, J. H. The Story of Old Japan, and The Evolution 
of New Japan, or 
Brinkley, F. A History of the Japanese People. 

Any of these volumes will provide the necessary historical back- 
ground. Murray’s volume is the shortest and Brinkley’s the longest . 
of the three. 
Bacon, Alice M. Japanese Girls and Women, or 
Burton, Margaret. Education of Women in Japan. 
Knox, G. W. Japanese Life in Town and Country. 
Redesdale, Lord (Mitford, A. B. F.). Tales of Old Japan. 
Little, Frances (Macauley, Mrs. F. C.). The Lady of the 
Decoration. 

Volumes which will shed much light on Japanese life and customs, 


both past and present. Were one called on to make a selection it would 
be made in favor of Mitford’s Tales of Old Japan. 


Gulick, S. L. The American Japanese Problem, or 
Kawakami, K. K. Asia at the Door and Japanese-American 
Relations. 


Will be an introduction to the present problems waiting to be solved 
between Japan and our country. 


Griffis, W. E. Biographies of Guido F. Verbeek, S. R. Brown, 
James C. Hepburn, and Townsend Harris. 

Hardy, A. The Life and Letters of Joseph Hardy Neesima, or 
Davis, J. D. Joseph Hardy Neesima. 

Uchimura, Kanzo. How I Became a Christian. 

Gordon, M. L. An American Missionary in Japan. 


42 


19. 


21. 


23. 
24. 


25. 


27. 


30. 


a2: 
33. 


PREPARATION FOR JAPAN 


De Forest, C. B. The Evolution of a Missionary (J. H. De 
Forest). 

Armstrong, R. C. Just Before the Dawn. 

Dening, W. The Life of Toyotomi Hideyoshi. 

Uchimura, Kanzo. Representative Men of Japan. 

A short list of biographies, missionary and general, suggestive of a 
type of reading of great value to the missionary candidate, as well as 
the missionary himself. 

Chamberlain, B. H. Things Japanese. 
Clement, E. W. A Handbook of Modern Japan. 

In each case secure the latest edition. Both are important as refer- 
ence books on all that pertains to Japan, Things Japanese in particular _ 
being widely known and quoted. 

Clement, E. W. Christianity in Modern Japan. 

A volume to be read and used as a book of reference on the history 

of missions in Japan. 

Article “Japan.” Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th Edit., 

is an important contribution, produced for the most part by Capt. F. 
Brinkley, the late editor of The Japan Mail. 

Harada, T. The Faith of Japan. 

Knox, G. W. The Development of Religion in Japan. 

Volumes suggested for those who would begin the serious study of 
Japanese religions before reaching the country. The word “serious” 
is used advisedly, as the study of Japanese religion is no child’s play— 
it is the study of a life-time and makes large demands on the student. 


II. For MISSIONARIES 


The following list must be considered as supplementing the 
above, many volumes of which will be life-long friends of the 
missionary. _ 

Terry, T. P. The Japanese Empire, or 

Murray’s Hand-Book of Japan. By B. H. Chamberlain and 
W. B. Mason, or 

Imperial Japanese Government Railway’s Official Guide-Book 
to Eastern Asia, Vols. II. and III. 

At least one of these guide-books should be in the hands of every 
foreign resident in Japan. 

The Christian Movement in Japan. 
The Japan Year-Book. 


Two annual publications of great value for those who would have 
the latest information. Of the two the Christian Movement will be of 
greater direct benefit to the missionary. 

Okuma, Count (edit.). Fifty Years of New Japan. Two vols. 

A veritable encyclopedia, though not arranged alphabetically. 


43 


46. 
47. 


PREPARATION FOR JAPAN 


Aston, W. G. Japanese Literature. 

Generally recognized as an authoritative volume. 
Gulick, S. L. Evolution of the Japanese. 

Indispensable to an understanding of the Japanese character. 
Reinsch, P. S. Intellectual and Political Currents in the Far 
East. 

Porter, R. P. ‘The F ull Recognition of ee 
Nitobe, I. Bushido. 
Hearn, Lafcadio. Japan: an Interpretation; Kokoro, etc. 

The last two volumes are interpretations of Japan and Japanese life 
which in the opinion of many need correction from other sources. They 
are suggested because they have been so widely read and quoted and 
because the missionary should understand this view-point. 

Kikuchi, Baron D. Japanese Education. 

Lombard, F. A. Pre-Meiji Education in Japan. 
Gubbins, J. H. The Civil Code of Japan. 

Hozumi, N. Ancestor Worship and Japanese Law. 
Iyenaga, T. Constitutional Development of Japan. 

Special studies in phases of Japanese development which a missionary 

can ill afford to neglect. 

Dillon, E. Arts of Japan. 

Huish, M. B. Japan and Its Art. 

Reni, J. J. Japan, and a more specialized volume, The Indus- 
tries of Japan. > 

The first volume is a small hand-book; the volumes by Reni were 
written some years ago, but are still of value. 

Ritter, H. History of Protestant Missions. 
Cary, Otis. History of Christianity in Japan, Two vols. 
Report of the Tokyo Missionary Conference, 1900. 

Authoritative volumes on the history of missions in Japan. Cary’s 
first volume is devoted to the history of the Roman Catholic mission 
of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. 

Hildreth, Richard. feet as it Was and Is (edit. by E. W. 
Clement). 

Kaempfer, E. History of Japan. An old work republished. 
Griffis, W. E. The Mikado’s Empire. Two vols. 

Criticized harshly by some, but cannot be discarded. 

Murdock, James. History of Japan. Two vols. published, the 
third yet to appear. | 

Volumes suggested for a more detailed study of Japanese history 


than would be possible with the books suggested for candidates—Nos. 


4, 5, and 6 in this bibliography. The work of Murdock especially is 
proving to be the most thoroughgoing history that ne sreceice in a 
foreign tongue. 


44 


56. 


58. 
59. 


61. 


PREPARATION FOR JAPAN 


Lloyd, Arthur. The Creed of Half Japan; also other vols., 
Shinran and His Work, Wheat Among the Tares, etc., and 
his article in Asiatic Society Transactions on the Development 
of Japanese Buddhism. 
Suzuki, T. D. Outlines of Mahayana Buddhism, and Rise of 
Faith. 
Anezaki and Wainright. Aspects of Japan. 
Griffis, W. E. The Religions of Japan. 
Aston, W. G. Shinto, The Way of the Gods, and a small vol- 
ume named Shinto. 

The above on the religions of Japan to be supplemented by various 


articles in the Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan and in 
Hasting’s Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics. 


Davids, T. W. Rhys. Buddhism (S. P. C. K. Manual), and 
Buddhism: Its History and Literature (American Lectures). 
Hackmann, H. Buddhism as a Religion. 
Beal, S. Buddhism in China, and Catena of Buddhist Scrip- 
tures from the Chinese. 
Douglas, R. K. Confucianism and Taoism. 
de Groot, J. J. M. The Religion of the Chinese. 

The volumes in this group are but a suggestion of many for furnish- 
ing background for the study of Japanese religions. 

In addition to all of the above mention should be made of the 
Japan Evangelist, an interdenominational monthly journal de- 
voted to the interests of missionary work in Japan. 












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PUBLICATIONS OF THE 
BOARD OF MISSIONARY PREPARATION 


The Second Annual Report (1912) 


Containing the reports on “Fundamental Qualifications for Missionary 
Work” and on the “Facilities for Training Missionary Candidates.” 


Paper, price 25 cents, postpaid. 


The Third Annual Report (1913) 


Rich in suggestions concerning the special training which evangelistic, 
educational, medical, and women missionaries should seek. It also contains 
a report on the use of the missionary furlough and a list of the institutions 
which offer special courses for candidates along these lines and suggests 
valuable courses of reading. 


Paper, price 25 cents, postpaid. 


The Fourth Annual Report (1914) 


Containing reports on preparation for different fields, such as China, 
Japan, India, Latin-America, the Near East and Pagan Africa. It also in- 
cludes full reports of the two important Conferences on Preparation of 
Ordained Missionaries and Administrative Problems. 


Paper, price 50 cents, postpaid. 


The Fifth Annual Report (1915) 


Containing reports of two important Conferences on Preparation of 
Women for Foreign Service and Preparation of Medical Missionaries, be- 
sides other reports. 


Paper, price 25 cents, postpaid. 


CONFERENCE REPORTS. 


Report of the Conference on the Preparation of Ordained Missionaries, held 
December, 1914, in New York. Paper covered, price 10 cents. 


Report of the Conference on the Preparation of Women for Foreign Service, 
held December, 1915, in New York. Paper covered, price 10 cents. 


Report of the Conference on the Preparation of Medical Missionaries, held 
April, 1916, in New York. Paper covered, price 10 cents. 


REPRINTS OF SPECIAL REPORTS. 


How Shall the Missionary Spend His Furlough? Price 5 cents. 

The Preparation of Ordained Missionaries. Price 10 cents. 

The Preparation of Educational Missionaries. Price 10 cents. 

The Preparation of Medical Missionaries. Price 10 cents. 

The Preparation of Women for Foreign Service. Price 10 cents. 

The Preparation of Missionaries Appointed to China. Price 10 cents. 

The Preparation of Missionaries Appointed to India. Price 10 cents. 

The Preparation of Missionaries Appointed to Japan. Price 10 cents. 

The Preparation of Missionaries Appointed to the Near East. Price 10 cents. 
The Preparation of Missionaries Appointed to Latin-America. Price 10 cents. 
The Preparation of Missionaries Appointed to Pagan Africa. Price 10 cents. 





